Good Vs. Evil in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown...

Good vs. Evil The short story, Young Goodman Brown is a fascinating rendition of the battle between good and evil. The reader must delve into the depths of his/her own beliefs to understand what the symbolism is. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes an entire lesson in life as one big symbol using allegory. The various examples are fruitful and will be presented throughout this essay. First, the main characters name is Goodman Brown. Does this mean something? It seems Nathaniel Hawthorne wished it to be that way. After reading the story, the reader is left with the impression that GOOD-MAN in the focal characters name symbolizes that this will be the good character in the battle between good and evil. Hawthorne begins the†¦show more content†¦This characters symbol is easy to identify. One must keep in mind that the story supposedly takes place in Salem Village, Englands Massachusetts Bay Colony. However, the statement, You are late, Goodman Brown. The clock of the Old South was striking as I came through Boston; and that is full fifteen minutes agone, points to the fact that the old man has traveled all the way from Boston to Salem in a mere fifteen minutes. This implies there is something rather paranormal about this character. The fact that the stranger knew Browns name also adds to the train of clues. This characters symbolism is further esta blished with statements such as the only thing about him, that could be fixed upon as remarkable, was his staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake...it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself, like a living serpent. While the great black snake and serpent are only descriptions of the staff, the words have a deeper meaning and give detail to what the character stands for. The slithering serpent, as referred to in the Bible, symbolizes the sly, sneaky devil. The devil uses his clever persuasion to convince Brown to meet him halfway into the forest. He keeps pulling Brown further and further into the forest, i.e. closer to sin, telling him he may turn back at any time. All the while the devil is describing the sinful doings of the other townsfolk in an attempt to mask theShow MoreRelatedShort Story Analysis: Young Goodman Brown Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbut none more intriguing than Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne’s ability to weave stories through the use of complex language and early puritan society narratives has long been a topic of study amongst scholars and young adults, alike. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† explores the idea of good vs. evil and draws many parallels to the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is often debated whether man is born innately good or evil. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† it is possible to see Hawthorne’s stance on this. However, beforeRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne865 Words   |  4 Pagesthe good man’s heart, whose owner is walking through the sea of dark with an equally, if not more, serpent-like staff carrying dark companion. This respectable man is Young Goodman Brown, as portrayed in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. The forest is only a small part of the setting, as this also takes place in a village in Salem Massachusetts and surrounding area the year 1692. The mood is heavy with superstition, confusion, doubt, betrayal, and shallowness. Goodman BrownRead More Absence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1468 Words   |  6 PagesAbsence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   Lo! There ye stand, my children, said the figure, in a deep and solemn tone, almost sad, with its despairing awfulness, as if his once angelis nature could yet mourn for our miserable race. Depending on one anothers hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream. Now ye are undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome, again, my children, to the communion of your raceRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Lottery† By: Melissa A. Reeves Professor Andrew Smith ENGL 102-B46 LUO Thesis Statement The stories â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† both appear to show that human behavior and judgment can be flawed, even if the person’s intentions appear good to them. There is a level of fear and underlying evil in Puritan settings in both stories. I. Introduction/Statement of Thesis II. Themes and Author’s Purpose A. The Lottery Read MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1631 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is famous for his works that revolve around the Puritan society. The Puritans were very stringent in the way they dealt with rules and ways of life, and Hawthorne does an exceptional job depicting the Puritan lifestyle through his stories. Though many principles from Puritan society has made its way to form the present day American society, Hawthorne might disagree and did not believe that the good attributes originated from Puritan ways. Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the worksRead MoreLesson 1. Brooke White. Eng 2020: Introduction To Literature.1675 Words   |  7 Pagesconclusion. This affected my interpretation of the piece because as a dream, the piece emphasizes Young Goodman Brown’s distrust and uncertain feelings towards humanity. His dream was created by a subconscious thought that it is a natural instinct for all humans to become evil and impious at one point or another . If I interpreted it as a real experience, it means that I would see all people as naturally evil and impious myself—not just as an idea created by Brown’s mind. Interpreting it as a dream alsoRead MorePoe vs Hawthorne1992 Words   |  8 PagesBetween Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Kimberley Prescott LIT/210 08/01/2012 Sherry Salant Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Popular literature is incomplete without the names of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Both of these authors lived in the same time period, yet lived very opposite lives. In fact, Poe received notoriety for criticizing Nathaniel Hawthorne. (Poe, 1847) In his career, he wrote several critiques of Hawthorne’s work. On a personal level,Read More The Structure of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1968 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – the Structure  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Q. D. Leavis in â€Å"Hawthorne as Poet† mentions Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† as â€Å"essentially dramatic† : â€Å"The first batch of works I specified [including â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†] is essentially dramatic, its use of language is poetic, and it is symbolic, and richly so, as is the dramatic poet’s. . . â€Å" (27) This essay will examine this and other features of the structure of Hawthorne’s short story.    Leavis’ evaluation ofRead MoreElements of Fiction in Young Goodman Brown Essays1761 Words   |  8 Pagesof Fiction are Used in Hawthorns Young Goodman Brown Desiree Terry English Composition II 23 February 2012 Outline Introduction Thesis: Hawthorne uses the Elements of fiction in Young Goodman Brown to depict a story of his family’s history and religious background. I Hawthorne uses time periods, location and physical structure settings that all relate to the Purity society and his historical family story. A. The first setting in young Goodman brown was set in Salem village. This is

The Importance of Vitamin D Essay - 1173 Words

Getting some sun is essential to human health despite the risks of the skin cancer. There is much more benefits that come with the exposure to the sun than harm. Vitamin D that our body produces when we are exposed to the sun is very efficient in curing so many diseases. It protects from arthritis, diabetes, infectious diseases, multiple sclerosis and some kinds of cancer, just to name a few. It has been proven that the Earth’s atmosphere blocks 98.7 percent of the sun’s UV rays. The other 2.3 percent that we are exposed to, have both beneficial and harmful effects. We do need to focus on the benefits, because we have way more of them. The only harm it does to our body is skin cancer, which by being more careful we can protect from. The†¦show more content†¦It has many different negative effects, like growth retardation, skeletal deformation and softening of the skull (Holick, 2008). In Europe doctors prescribe vitamin D for infants to prevent those kinds of pr oblems, and also they recommend daily walks in the sun. That is why the children in Europe don’t have rickets as often as in United States. The doctors here depend on the vitamins that are in the formula, but it is not enough. A study published in Archives of Internal Medicine found that 75 percent or more of American teens and adults are deficient in Vitamin D. That is why we have so many serious illnesses, like cancer, diabetes and heart disease (Huff, 2010). Infectious diseases are more seen in people living in places with less sun during winter months, we know those as influenza virus or simply cold. The sun in those places is unable to produce vitamin D and that is why we get sick so often. The people that live in the warm places, where the vitamin D is produced all year round, don’t get sick as often (Holick, 2008). Diabetes is a very big problem in United States, but if we listen to what researchers had found, we can try to prevent people from getting this disea se by staying in the sun. It has been proven that it can lower 80 percent, if we start giving our infants 2,000 IU of vitamin D during the first year of life. The research also showsShow MoreRelatedEssay On Broodmares1541 Words   |  7 PagesSupplementing Your Broodmare and Foal When thinking about the nutrition of broodmares and foals, most people understand the importance of the macro minerals calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which is needed for the rapid bone growth in the fetus in late gestation and once the foal is born. However, breeders sometimes don’t realize that certain trace minerals and vitamins during gestation and nursing are extremely important in the growth, development, and health of foals. For this reason it is veryRead MoreBecoming a Vegan1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthoroughly compensated to provide adequate supplementation. As with any diet, the potential for deficiencies is arguable especially amongst the vegan diet and simply due to poor planning and often identified deficiencies are iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin D, which can lead to more serious complications. As the vegan diet can provide the following nutrients amongst individuals, careful planning to prevent inadequate nutrient supply must be implicated with sound knowledge and structural planningRead MoreVitamin D And Calcium.vitamin D Essay781 Words   |  4 Pages Bone Health, Calcium and Vitamin D My research of the vitamin or mineral will be based on vitamin D and Calcium.Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, which means it is stored in the body’s fatty tissue, normally is obtained through exposure to sunlight, which triggers vitamin D production in the skin is found naturally in very few foods but in the United States, it is routinely added to milk and infant formula. Other right food sources are egg yolks and some types ofRead MoreDeveloping Diseases On The Rise And Many New Cures800 Words   |  4 Pagesof medicine. Dating back to 1819, the earliest clues of both the necessity and deficiency of Vitamin A was first discovered. Many early researchers such as Francois Magendie, Fredrick Gowland Hopkins, Elmer McCollum, Lafayette Mendel, and Thomas Burr Osborn were great successes in discovering the first ever vitamin. Vitamin A is required in our everyday diets still to this day. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that is present in many foods and especially good for vision, our immune system, and even ourRead MoreRikets739 Words   |  3 PagesRickets Human Biology September 17, 2011 Most people know that good nutrition is important for good health. But not many people realize the importance a healthy diet can have on their health and their children’s health for years to come. A good diet helps children grow, develop, and do well in school. It also helps young and older adults to work productively and feel their best. 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It is believed that low Vitamin D levels cause hip fractures, but there is limited information available on vitamin D levels in US women admitted with acute hip fractures. Research was done to determine whether postmenopausal women with hip fractures have low Vitamin D and high parathyroid levels compared with non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic women admittedRead MoreSci/241 Week 5 Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins1222 Words   |  5 PagesFat- and Water-soluble Vitamins Vitamins are primarily classified by solubility. Some vitamins are soluble in water and others are soluble in fat. â€Å"According to The National Institute of Health, the body needs 13 vitamins for normal health.† This includes vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B complex vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, B12 and folate. Each of these vitamins provides a variety of functions to the body which can be obtained from a well balanced dietRead MoreLipids832 Words   |  4 Pagesin the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. In the digestive tract, fatty acids help form micelle droplets that surround the vitamins to protect them from water and carry them through the digestive tract to the intestinal microvilli so they can be absorbed by the enterocytes. Fat is an essential component of a healthy diet due to the many functions of fat within the body. Without it, one could become deficient in fat-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are responsible for theRead MoreVitamin D and Nutritional Rickets1742 Words   |  7 PagesRICKETS For Scientific Principles and Health and Disease By: Mackenzie Gray 112-69-7540 April 7, 2010 Rickets is a disease that deals with a deficiency with Vitamin D. Vitamin D is important by controlling calcium and phosphate levels. 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Bla Bla Bla Essay Research Paper Metamorphosisalienation free essay sample

Bla Bla Bla Essay, Research Paper Metamorphosis-alienation In German, the word Kafka uses to depict Gregor Samsa # 8217 ; s transmutation is ungezieter, which is a word used by the Germans during his life-time in mention to the Jews. The actual English interlingual rendition is # 8220 ; monstrous vermin. # 8221 ; Kafka uses Gregor # 8217 ; s household to demo how inhumane society can be. In The Metamorphosis, Kafka uses his experiences to make much of Gregor # 8217 ; s life. He indicates that Gregor # 8217 ; s household merely saw him as a agency of endurance before the alteration and took advantage of him. After the alteration he household is unable to pass on with him because they are blinded by his outer visual aspect. Kafka # 8217 ; s life of disaffection straight associate to his development of Gregor Samsa, the friendless boy who Kafka symbolically turns into a immense, abhorrent animal. Kafka pulls much of his personal experience into the authorship of this book. We will write a custom essay sample on Bla Bla Bla Essay Research Paper Metamorphosisalienation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kafka was a German-speaking Jew in a society where Jews were oppressed. He pulls this into the authorship of the book demoing Gregor # 8217 ; s employer anticipating more of him because he is a Jew. The company does non swear him, even though he has non missed a twenty-four hours of work in five old ages, and a main clerk comes to look into on him. Had this been a German employee, the company would non hold so rapidly questioned his absence. Kafka besides had a unsmooth clip covering with his household because he renounced his Judaic heritage and did non populate up to the outlooks of his tyrannizing male parent. Kafka implies that Gregor # 8217 ; s male parent to beget feels the same manner about Gregor # 8217 ; s life. Gregor # 8217 ; s male parent had hostile purposes when he saw Gregor transformed for the first clip, but so merely cry, conveying his letdown in his boy ( 20 ) . Gregor neer mentions a friend or person outside his household or work that he must explicate his predicam T to one time he morphs into the horrid bug. Kafka had a flourishing societal life, but did Ns ot construct any permanent relationships during his life clip outside of his household. These two similarities show the personal experience Kafka tied into the character of Greor Samsa. Before Gregor is transformed into the animal, he merely the # 8220 ; bread-winner # 8221 ; for his household. Like a work Equus caballus he was merely at that place to function a intent, to pay the measures. His household alienated him from their lives before the alteration. Gregor worked difficult, kep to himself, and had minimum communicating with them because of his long work hours. This is what they came to anticipate and neer tried to alter it to included Gregor in the household. When the alteration takes topographic point, the household is more concerned with how they will last financially than with Gregor # 8217 ; s wellbeing ( 28 ) . Last, Gregor # 8217 ; s household is so disturbed by Gregor # 8217 ; s visual aspect that they can non happen a manner to pass on with him. His household has no thought what to make. Gregor might hold easy been transforming, but they did non notice because they did non care until he could non supply for them. At first they seem to be able to link the ghastly visual aspect of the bug with Gregor, but when they can no longer understand him, they can non penetrate that it is their Gregor. They remove his furniture from his room, taking the last spot of human gloss Gregor had. When the closest people in Gregor # 8217 ; s life turned against him, lasting as a bug for life became impossible. Kafka used this to exemplify that the universe can be a barbarous topographic point to populate through paralleling his ain experiences into Gregor Samsa # 8217 ; s life. Grer was alienated by his household because they merely saw his ability to work and supply for him, non his ability to be a caring individual. Once Gregor was transformed and his household lost all signifier of communicating with him, they feared him and hoped he would maintain to himself. It took Gregor # 8217 ; s transmutation to relize his household had ever set him apart from their group of three.

Japan Business Environment Essay Example

Japan Business Environment Paper Japans industrialized, free-market economy is the third-largest in the world. Japans productivity is low in agriculture but is it highly competitive and efficient in products that are linked with international trade. The mature industrial economy of Japan is largely due to the well-educated and industrious work force, high savings and investment rates and foreign trade. Japans agricultural economy is highly subsidized and protected because just 14 percent of its land is suitable for agriculture. That is why the primary products of Japan are cars, computers, cell phones, cameras and electronics. Two of the most significant events in the history of Japan were the earthquake and the tsunami of 201 1 . Japans economy was dealt a devastating blow by the 9-magnitude earthquake and tsunami that hit the country on March 1 1, 2011. Around 30,000 people were dead or missing. 11 out of the 50 nuclear reactors, which supplied one third of the countrys electricity, were closed down. Source: Carl Weinberg, High Frequency Economics). Rebuilding will raise the productive capacity Of Japan but there would be a substantial increase in national debt. The damage done by the earthquake and tsunami could be seen in figure 1 (next page). Automakers Toyota, Ionians, Honda, Immunities and Suzuki momentarily suspended production. A total of 21 plants; including Sony, were shut in Japan. Japans economy had just only started to pick itself up from the deflationary period and recession. These disasters only added to Japans economic challenges of rising inflation, government debt and shrinking labor LOL. Source: AR, Breach in Reactor, March 25, 2011). The World Bank predicted that the total cost of disaster would be around $100-$325 billion and would take around 5 years to rebuild. Now we would compare the economic growth rate from the 1 asss to 201 0 and then compare the trend of economic growth in recent years. The real growth rate shown in the above graph demonstrates that gr owth rate was stable over the years until 2007, in which there was a drastic fall in the GAP of Japan. This drastic fall is associated with the world recession in which the most developed nations suffered. We will write a custom essay sample on Japan Business Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Japan Business Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Japan Business Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Japan repaired the damage done in the previous years in 2009. The GAP in 2009 almost increased by 9% from the previous year. Figureheads: Underlying map from U. S. AID. Casualty and damage data from Japan, National Police Agency. Although, countries try to achieve deflation to keep the prices of goods and services in control, but deflation has been persistent in Japan. The policy makers in Japan believe that a higher inflation rate is the only solution for Japans fiscal problems but even achieving a 2% inflation target may not seem enough. The steady rise in the year 2013 is welcomed by countries central inks governors as part of the Japanese governments to overhaul the economy and end 15 years of deflation. Several analysts have attributed the recent increase in inflation to higher energy import costs and not due to increase in consumer spending. A big worry for the economy is that there is wage and consumer goods deflation. The policy makers want to come out with a plan for wage inflation because they feel that if people believe their incomes are higher, then they would be willing to spend money, but this wage inflation right now seems highly unlikely. Japans fiscal condition is not quite DOD among major industrialized countries, with public debts, including those owed by local government expected to reach E. 8 trillion at the end of fiscal 2013. The MIFF has called on Japan to adopt a suitable fiscal plan to reduce the debt. The recently elected prime Minister Shinto Babes government is pondering over whether to go ahead with a sales tax increase which would double the rate to 10 percent a vital source of new income; however this could seriously halt his economy boosting plan. The main economic risk follows from the driving force of the new economic program, the three rows of Bionics; fiscal expansion, monetary policy and structural reform. The fiscal tightening is a big risk with the Japanese economy still in tentative recovery. Another major risk facing Japan is the shortage of electricity which could be a limiting factor for manufacturing activity. This was when the nuclear reactors were shut down after the earthquake and tsunami. Another important risk associated with Japan is the decline in the economically active population. A country like Japan which mostly depends on labor force, will suffer tremendously as this decline in economically active population will become a big risk for investors. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT Culture of any country greatly influences the dealings of any corporation looking to do business there and Japan is no different. Its unique cultural heritage greatly influences how the business dealings are shaped within the country by its people. Hypotheses Culture Dimensions- Japan: At a score of 54 for Power Distance, Japan is a mildly hierarchical society. Yes, Japanese are always conscious of their hierarchical position in any social setting and act accordingly. However, it is not as hierarchical as most of the other Asian cultures. Some foreigners experience Japan as extremely hierarchical because of their business experience of painstakingly slow decision making process: all the decisions must be confirmed by each hierarchical layer and finally by the top management in Tokyo. Paradoxically, the exact example of their slow decision making process shows that in Japanese society there is no one top guy who can take decision like in more hierarchical societies. Another example of not so high power distance is that Japan has always been a meritocracy society. There is a strong notion in the Japanese education system that everybody is born equal and anyone can get head and become anything if he works hard enough. Japan scores 46 on the Individualism dimension. Certainly Japanese society shows many of the characteristics of a collectivist society: such as putting harmony of group above the expression of individual opinions and everyone has a strong sense of shame for losing face. However, it is not as collectivist as most of her Asian neighbors. The most popular explanation for this is that Japanese society does not have extended family system which forms a base of more collectivist societies such as China and Korea. Japan has been a paternalistic society and the family name and asset was inherited from father to the eldest son. The younger siblings had to leave home and make their own living with their core families. One seemingly paradox example is that Japanese are famous for their loyalty to their companies, while Chinese seem to job hop more easily. However, company loyalty is something which people have chosen for themselves, which is an individualistic thing to do. You could say that the Japanese in-group is situational. While in more collectivist culture, people are loyal to their inner group by birth, such as their extended family ND their local community. Japanese are experienced as collectivist by Western standards and experienced as individualistic by Asian standards. They are more private and reserved than most other Asians. At 95, Japan is one of the most masculine societies in the world. However, in combination with their mild collectivism, you do not see assertive and competitive individual behaviors which we often associate with masculine culture. What you see is a severe competition between groups. From very young age at kindergartens, children learn to compete on sports day for their groups (traditionally red team against white team). In corporate Japan, you see that employees are most motivated when they are fighting in a winning team against their competitors. What you also see as an expression of masculinity in Japan is the drive for excellence and perfection in their material production (monotonous) and in material services (hotels and restaurants) and presentation (gift wrapping and food presentation) in every aspect Of life. Notorious Japanese workaholics is another expression of their masculinity. It is still hard for women to climb up the corporate ladders in Japan with their masculine norm of hard and long working hours. At 92 Japan is one of the most uncertainties avoiding countries on earth. This is often attributed to the fact that Japan is constantly threatened by natural disasters from earthquakes, tsunamis (this is a Japanese word used internationally), typhoons to volcano eruptions. Under these circumstances Japanese learned to prepare themselves for any uncertain situation. This goes not only for the emergency plan and precautions for sudden natural disasters but also for every other aspects of society. You could say that in Japan anything you do is prescribed for maximum predictability. From cradle to grave, life is highly radicalized and you have a lot of ceremonies. For example, there is opening and closing ceremonies of every school year which are conducted almost exactly the same way everywhere in Japan. At weddings, funerals and other important social events, what people wear and how people should behave are prescribed in great detail in etiquette books. School teachers and public servants are reluctant to do things without precedence. In corporate Japan, a lot of time and effort is put into feasibility studies and all the risk factors must be worked out before any project can start. Managers ask for all the detailed facts and figures before taking any decision. This high need for uncertainty avoidance is one of the reasons why changes are so difficult to realize in Japan. At 80 Japan scores as one of the long term oriented societies. Japanese see their life as a very short moment in a long history of mankind. From this perspective, some kind Of fatalism is not strange to the Japanese. You do your best in your life time and that is all what you can do. Notion of the one and only almighty God is not familiar to Japanese. People live their lives guided by virtues and practical good examples. In corporate Japan, you see long term orientation in the constantly high rate of investment in RD even in economically difficult times, higher own capital rate, priority to steady growth of market share rather than to a quarterly profit, and so on. They all serve the durability of the companies. The idea behind it is that the companies are not here to make money every quarter for the shareholders, but to serve the stake holders and society at large for many generations to come (e. G. Matthias). Business Dealings in Japan: Firstly, the Japanese community thrives on the principle of community based vying and group orientation is ingrained deep into the roots of all Japanese. Altruism, team-work and group cohesiveness are all areas greatly stressed. Individual identity is defined by the social group. Consequently, when doing business, the Japanese stress compromise and self-discipline. Community gains are deemed to be better than individual gains in Japanese culture. With its roots in Confucianism, hierarchical structures in the country classify an individuals position within a group and in society. Status is determined by factors such as age, employment, company and family background. The aerographical system dictates that due respect be afforded to those of higher status. Behavior of Japanese is varied in accordance with the hierarchical structure of the community. In order to preserve harmony in society and to maintain the clarity of the hierarchical structure, showing respect to others acts as a crucial social lubricant. Respect is conveyed through language, behavior, etiquette, body language and other subtle forms of non-verbal communication. For example, the bow is an integral part of Japanese society. It is used when meeting, getting attention, to show gratitude, to express sympathy or as an apology. There is heightened sense of formality in Japanese interaction. It is important to use proper titles when addressing someone, so as to establish the position of the other person. The exchanging of business cards when doing business in Japan involves a degree of ceremony. The card is seen to represent the individual, and so is treated with respect. When exchanging the card is offered with both hands or just the right hand. Care must be taken to ensure there is no barrier between the giver of the card and its recipient such as a table, chair or plant. When accepting two hands should always be used as this shows deference. When doing business in Japan a successful relationship with a Japanese colleague or client is based on three factors: sincerity, compatibility and trustworthiness. Sincerity means that you are compromising; understanding and you want to conduct business on a personal level. Compatibility is established when you are seen to be concerned about the personal relationship, the well-being of the company and not just focused on financial gain. Trustworthiness relates to the faith put in you to protect from loss face. The emphasis in Japanese culture on maintaining harmony has developed in such a way as to allow very ague forms of expression. The cultural logic behind this is that by avoiding direct or explicit statements one has a better chance of not causing offense. The term say one, understand ten applies perfectly to Japanese communication. The Japanese are implicit communicators and expect business partners to have a thorough understanding of the background information pertaining to the topics that are being discussed. Ignorance is usually viewed as sign of disinterest and lack of commitment; factors which can severely undermine business relations in Japan. Business meetings in Japan are also shaped by cultural influences. In line with group orientation, meetings are done by teams rather than individuals. Each member is part of the team to bring forward their own expertise on a certain area. A senior member in the hierarchical chain is present ceremoniously to represent the company which is in line with the Japanese cultures emphasis on hierarchies and stature. In meetings, it is expected that greetings be done in descending order with the senior most employee greeted first. Meetings usually take place for only one of three reasons: to build rapport, exchange information or confirm previously made decisions. Decisions are rarely made in a meeting. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT IN JAPAN Import Requirements and Documentation Japanese customs regulations can be cumbersome, difficult to understand, and duplicative, but they are largely mechanical. Nearly all customs difficulties result from first time applications. Japanese customs officials are generally helpful when it comes to explaining procedures and regulations, and once these are understood and followed, difficulties are usually minimal. It may be necessary to employ an import agent or customs broker to help facilitate customs entry. Certain items may require a Japanese import license. These include hazardous materials, animals, plants, perishables, and in some cases articles of high value. Import quota items also require an import license, usually valid for four months from the date of issuance. Other necessary documents for IS. S. Exporters may include an Import Declaration Form (Customs Form C-5020) and a certificate of origin if the goods are entitled to favorable duty treatment determined by preferential or h,VETO rates. In practice, shipments from the United States are routinely assessed using WTFO or temporary/ rates without a certificate of origin. Any additional documents accessory as proof of compliance with relevant Japanese laws, standards, and regulations at the time of import may also apply. Correct packing, marking, and labeling are critical to smooth customs clearance in Japan. Straw packing materials are prohibited. Documents required for customs clearance in Japan include standard shipping documents such as a commercial invoice, packing list, and an original and signed bill of lading, or, if shipped by air, an air waybill. Air shipments of values greater than must also include a commercial invoice. The commercial invoice should be as descriptive as possible on each item in the shipment. The packing list should include the exact contents and measurement of each container, including the gross and net weights of each package. The Japanese Measurement Law requires that all weights and measures on packing list be reflected in Metric System values. Japan prohibits the importation of certain items including narcotics, firearms, explosives, counterfeit currency, pornography, and products that violate intellectual property laws. Temporary Entry Japan is a member of the International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Materials under the ATA Carnet System. Use of a carnet allows goods such as commercial and exhibition samples, professional equipment, musical instruments, and television cameras to be carried or sent temporarily into a foreign country without paying duties or posting bonds. Advertising materials, including brochures, films, and photographs, may enter Japan duty free. Articles intended for display but not for sale at trade fairs and similar events are also permitted to enter duty free but only when the fair or event is held at a bonded exhibition site. After the event, these bonded articles must be re- exported or stored at a bonded facility. A commercial invoice for these goods should be marked no commercial value, CUstomS purposes only and these goods are for exhibition and are to be returned after conclusion of the exhibition. It is also important to identify the trade show or exhibition site, including exhibition booth number (if known), on shipping documents. Labeling and Marking Requirements For most products there is no requirement for country of origin labeling, though some categories such as beverages and foods do require such labeling. If labels indicating origin are later determined to be false or misleading, the labels must be removed or corrected. False or misleading labels which display the names of countries, regions or flags other than the country of origin, and/or names of manufacturers or designers outside the country of origin are not permissible. Japanese law requires labels for products in four categories: textiles, electrical appliances and apparatus, plastic products and miscellaneous household and consumer goods. Because the relevant regulations apply specifically to individual products, it is important for U. S. Exporters to work with a prospective agent or importer to ensure the exporters product meets applicable requirements. Generally, cost labeling laws are not required at the customs clearance stage, but at the point of sale. Consequently, it is most common for Japanese importers to affix a label before or after clearing customs. Food and agricultural products are subject to a number of complex labeling regulations in Japan. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MIFF) has established mandatory quality labeling standards that all producers, distributors and other operators must follow. Japans Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MALL) administers separate voluntary and mandatory standards such as nutritional labeling and DOD additive/allergen labeling for processed foods and beverages. Prohibited and Restricted Imports Japan strictly prohibits entry of narcotics and related utensils, firearms, firearm parts and ammunition, explosives and gunpowder, counterfeit goods or imitation coins or currency, obscene materials, or goods that violate intellectual property rights. Other restricted items include but are not limited to certain agricultural and meat products, endangered species and products such as ivory, animal parts and fur where trade is banned by international treaty. In addition, Japan imposes restrictions on the sale or use of certain reduces including those related to health such as medical products, pharmaceuticals, agricultural products and chemicals. For these products, Japanese Customs reviews and evaluates the product for import suitability before shipment to Japan. The use of certain chemicals and other additives in foods and cosmetics is severely regulated and follows a positive list approach. Regarding importation of products for personal use, Japan restricts more than two months supply of medicines (drugs or quasi-drugs) or more than 24 units (of normal size) of similar cosmetic products. Please note that DOD (hand) soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, hair dye and other toiletries fall under the category Of quasi-drugs or cosmetics. Veterinary drugs are subject to import restrictions in accordance with Japans Pharmaceutical Affairs Law. Quality Standards Overview Many domestic and imported products alike are subject to product testing and cannot be sold in Japan without certification of compliance with prescribed standards. Knowledge of, and adherence to, these standards and their testing procedures can be the key to making or breaking a sale. Product requirements in Japan fall into two categories: technical regulations (or mandatory standards) and non-mandatory voluntary standards. Compliance with regulations and standards is also governed by a certification system in which inspection results determine whether or not approval (certification/ quality mark) is granted. Approval is generally required before a product can be sold in the market or even displayed at a trade show; unapproved medical equipment may be displayed at a trade show if accompanied by a sign indicating that the product is not yet approved for sale. To affix a mandatory quality mark or a voluntary quality mark requires prior product type approval ND possibly factory inspections for quality control assessment. Regulated products must bear the appropriate mandatory mark when shipped to Japan in order to clear Japanese Customs. Regulations may apply not only to the product itself, but also to package Eng, marking or labeling requirements, testing, transportation and storage, and installation. Compliance with voluntary standards and obtaining voluntary marks of approval can greatly enhance a products sales potential and help win Japanese consumer acceptance. There are two ongoing trends in Japan regarding standards. One s a move toward reform of such standards, and the other is a move toward harmonize them with prevailing international standards. While reform is underway, there are numerous laws containing Japan-specific mandatory standards and most have not been translated into English. Therefore, it is important that a Japanese agent or partner be fully aware of the wide variety of standards in effect that could impact the sale of the exported product. Major laws stipulating standards that apply to products in Japan include Electrical Appliance and Material Control Law, Consumer Product Safety Law, Gas utility Industry Law Food Sanitation Law, Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, Road Vehicles Law and Building Standards Law Product Liability Insurance Japanese business entities are subject to various laws and product safety standards, which vary depending upon the industry or product segment. Japanese importers/distributes of foreign products, in general, cover product liability risk through the product liability clause in their own liability insurance. The covered items and exemptions may vary from underwriter to underwriter and among industry segments. Whether the U. S. Exporter will be required to u product liability insurance to cover worldwide or specific overseas markets for their exports will be subject to negotiation with the firms Japanese business partner and the advice of legal counsel. Accreditation The Japan Accreditation System for Product Certification Bodies of IIS Mark (JAGS) is an accreditation program defined by the Japanese Industrial Standards (IIS) Law, and operate d by the JAGS office in MEET. JAGS accredits product certification bodies in the private sector and allows them to certify companies so that they may place the IIS Mark on their products. A limited umber of testing laboratories in the united States above have also been designated by various Japanese government agencies to test and approve U. S. Products for compliance with Japanese mandatory certification systems and laws. Products not covered by these arrangements must be tested and approved by Japanese testing labs before these products can be sold in Japan. Labeling and Marking The voluntary Japan Industrial Standards (IIS) mark, administered by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (MEET), applies to nearly 600 different industrial products and consists of over 8,500 standards.